Rethinking Last-Mile Routing at Scale: Near-Linear Planning on Commodity Hardware

This paper presents a practical architecture for last-mile delivery routing at scales reaching one million stops under realistic operational conditions, including vehicle capacity, package volume, route stop limits, and time windows. Unlike conventional systems that require pre-partitioning or large-scale infrastructure, the proposed system addresses the full fleet planning problem through a single coherent planning pipeline … Read more

An ILP-based local search procedure for the VRP with pickups and deliveries

In this paper we address the Vehicle Routing Problem with Pickups and Deliveries (VRPPD), an extension of the classical Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) where we consider precedences among customers, and develop an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) based local search procedure. We consider the capacitated one-to-one variant, where a particular precedence must be satisfied between pairs … Read more